@conference {Heisterkamp:506,
	title = {Nanosurgery in live cells using ultrashort laser pulses},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {SPIE Photonics West},
	organization = {SPIE Photonics West},
	abstract = {We selectively disrupted the cytoskeletal network of fixed and live bovine capillary endothelial cell using ultrashort laser pulses. We image the microtubules in the cytoskeleton of the cultured cells using green fluorescent protein. The cells are placed on a custom-built inverted fluorescence microscope setup, using a 1.4 NA oil-immersion objective to both image the cell and focus the laser radiation into the cell samples. The laser delivers 100-fs laser pulses centered at 800 nm at a repetition rate of 1 kHz; the typical energy delivered at the sample is 15nJ. The fluorescent image of the cell is captured with a CCD-camera at one frame per second. To determine the spatial discrimination of the laser cutting we ablated microtubules and actin fibers in fixed cells. At pulse energies below 2 nJ we obtain an ablation size of 200 nm. This low pulse energy and high spatial discrimination enable the application of this technique to live cells. We severed a single microtubule inside the live cells without affecting the cells viability. The targeted microtubule snaps and depolymerizes after the cutting. This nanosurgery technique will further the understanding and modeling of stress and compression in the cytoskeletal network of live cells.},
	keywords = {California, San Jose},
	doi = {10.1117/12.590467},
	url = {/files/mazur/files/rep_506.pdf},
	author = {A. Heisterkamp and I. Zaharieva Maxwell and Kumar, S. and J. M. Underwood and J. A. Nickerson and Ingber, D. E. and Mazur, E.}
}
